Города Беларуси (700-2000 годы)

Понравилась мне одна научная статья о росте средневековых городов: Buringh, Eltjo. "The population of European cities from 700 to 2000: Social and economic history." Research Data Journal for the Humanities and Social Sciences 6.1 (2021): 1-18.

Что хорошего в ней, так это то, что к ней прилагается полученный автором набор данных. Я решил его поизучать. Моим открытием стало, что большинство белорусских городов в средние века имели менее 5 тысяч населения. Ниже я даю табличку с выдержкой из данной статьи и два графика. 

 

Чтобы увеличить картинки, надо кликать по ним. 

А теперь попробуем нанести их на карту ВКЛ (Magnus Ducatus Lithuaniae). Я отбросил города размером менее 5000 жителея, ... и вышло не густо.

   

Посему попробовал вернуть назад "города" с населением от 1000 до 5000 жителей. Но только на территории MDL.

   

Мои личным открытием стало то, что главные "мегаполисы" тут - это Смоленск, Вильня, Псков, Новгород, Чернигов и Киев. При этом доминирование в районе Беларуси обеспечивало обладание Смоленском и Вильней. Смоленск относительно часто менял юрисдикцию. В рамках моего самоликбеза я построил график, отображающий хронологию перехода "из рук в руки" приграничных городов.

Ну и напоследок, я увлекся анимацией. :)
Города Беларуси в динамике.

Города Европы в динамике (с отсечением городов с населением ниже 5000 жителей).

 

Модный нынче график, отображающий динамику численности белорусских городов в подвижном стиле.

VPS configuration for the low-end machines

Cogito, ergo sum

René Descartes in 1637 

Recently I was configuring the VPS server and learned a few things that I want to summarize below.

• The cheapest options are here: https://lowendbox.com/blog/1-vps-1-usd-vps-per-month/. But be careful. It can be a machine with an IPv6 IP address only which I was unable to configure with WireGuard and Immich. It seems that I can continue only with the machine having the IPv4 address.
• Requirements
• RAM. I have a preference for Debian/Ubuntu. Today you need a minimum of 512 Mb. I was able to install Debian 12 with just 512 Mb. I heard that Debian 13 can also run with 512 Mb. But it wasn't available yet. So I haven't tested it. If you have 1 Gb you can install Ubuntu or something else. Freshly installed Debian 12 was consuming 92 Mb of RAM. After updating, installing some packages and restarting it was only 75 Mb consumed. Fresh Ubuntu 24.04 LTS was using 188 Mb. And after updating and restarting only 156 Mb.
• 0.5 Gb is not a lot of memory, therefore I am creating the 1 Gb swapfile. Alternatively you can mount your own ISO disk with Debian (rare option, but it worked with Vultr) and to create 1-2 Gb swap partition.
  # 1 GiB swapfile
  fallocate -l 1G /swapfile
  chmod 600 /swapfile
  mkswap   /swapfile
  swapon   /swapfile
  echo '/swapfile none swap sw 0 0' >> /etc/fstab   # always mount
  # Kernel tuning
  cat << 'EOF' > /etc/sysctl.d/99-swap.conf
  vm.swappiness = 150        # conservative
  vm.vfs_cache_pressure = 75
  EOF
  sysctl --system
  free -h            # confirm Swap: 1.0G
  swapon --show      # priority  -2
  cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
  apt install zram-tools
  GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="zswap.enabled=1"
  update-grub 
• Disk. Debian 12 occupied 1.6 Gb. Debian 13 occupied 1.1 Gb. Ubuntu 24.04 LTS occupied 3.9 Gb. My disk was only 5 Gb. So I was proceeding with installing the R package (+0.95 Gb) but not with the Shiny server. It failed with both Debian and Ubuntu machines. Taken together, we need a minimum 10 Gb, if we want something beyond OS and several tiny applications.
• SSH
• I connect to the VPS using PuTTY. It is possible to create a link for the connection and to modify the command line to log in automatically:
• "C:\Program Files\PuTTY\putty.exe" user@XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX -pw YYY -P ZZZ 
• After installation, I updated the system, installed main packages, changed the machine's name, created a user with sudo rights, and benchmarked the system:
• (bold font shows what should be edited in the configuration files, or chosen in the menu)
  apt-get update
  apt-get upgrade
  
  apt install mc sudo btop
  
  #UTF for btop
  sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales
      choose    en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
      choose default en_US.UTF-8.
  export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
  
  sudo hostnamectl set-hostname Cobra
  sudo nano /etc/hosts
  
  passwd
  adduser user
  usermod -aG sudo user
  
  wget -qO- yabs.sh | bash
• Then I change settings for the SSH access. I installed endlessh, ufw, and moved SSH to port ZZZ (at ~30'000 value):
• apt install endlessh ufw
  
  ss -tulpn | grep LISTEN
  ufw allow ZZZ comment 'ssh'
  ufw allow 22 comment 'endlessh'
  
  nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config
  Port ZZZ
  PermitRootLogin no
  
  systemctl restart sshd
  
  nano /etc/endlessh/config
  Port 22
  
  nano /usr/lib/systemd/system/endlessh.service
      Uncomment the line AmbientCapabilities=CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE
      Comment PrivateUsers=true
      Comment InaccessiblePaths=/run /var
  setcap 'cap_net_bind_service=+ep' /usr/bin/endlessh
  
  systemctl --now enable endlessh
  systemctl status endlessh
  ufw enable
  ufw status numbered 
• R framework
• Basic R with rvest package (+1.2 Gb)
• apt install libcurl3-openssl-dev libxml2-dev r-base-core
  R
  install.packages('rvest')
  q()
•  The Shiny server at port XXX (+0.5 Gb)
• R
  install.packages('shiny')
  install.packages('rmarkdown')
  q()
  
  wget https://download3.rstudio.org/ubuntu-20.04/x86_64/shiny-server-1.5.23.1030-amd64.deb
  dpkg -i shiny-server-1.5.23.1030-amd64.deb
  ufw allow XXX comment 'Shiny'
  
  nano /etc/shiny-server/shiny-server.conf
    listen XXX;
  
  systemctl restart shiny-server
  systemctl status shiny-server
  ss -plut | grep -i shiny
  rm shiny-server-1.5.23.1030-amd64.deb
• Test it: http://IP:PORT/
• Files are in /srv/shiny-server/ 
• WireGuard
• Install it to XXX port.
• curl -O https://raw.githubusercontent.com/angristan/wireguard-install/master/wireguard-install.sh
  chmod +x wireguard-install.sh
  sudo ./wireguard-install.sh
  
  sudo systemctl status wg-quick@wg0
  sudo wg show
  wg-quick down wg0 && wg-quick up wg0
  sudo ufw allow XXX comment 'WireGuard'
  sudo ufw reload
  sudo ufw enable
  sudo ufw status verbose
• I am using wgg.sh to assign friendly names to peers:
• curl -O https://raw.githubusercontent.com/FlyveHest/wg-friendly-peer-names/refs/heads/master/wgg.sh
  chmod +x wgg.sh
  sudo ./wgg -u
• It is straightforward how to add peers on the server (/wireguard-install.sh and adding friendly name with wgg.sh -u) and the client (Windows: get *.conf file with WinSCP and import to the Wireguard package; Android: just scan a barcode; Linux: nmcli connection import type wireguard file wg0-client-XXX.conf). 
• Flat-file CMS. I had a nice experience with GRAV (44 Mb), WonderCMS (0.1 Mb), and Yellow (1 Mb). You just need to have caddy (or nginx) and php with required dependencies.
• Immich (+0.9 Gb)
• Install Docker and Immich
• for pkg in docker.io docker-doc docker-compose podman-docker containerd runc; do sudo apt-get remove $pkg; done
  
  sudo apt-get update
  sudo apt-get install ca-certificates curl
  sudo install -m 0755 -d /etc/apt/keyrings
  sudo curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/debian/gpg -o /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.asc
  sudo chmod a+r /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.asc
  
  # Add the repository to Apt sources:
  echo \
    "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.asc] https://download.docker.com/linux/debian \
    $(. /etc/os-release && echo "$VERSION_CODENAME") stable" | \
    sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list > /dev/null
  sudo apt-get update
  
  sudo apt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-buildx-plugin docker-compose-plugin
  sudo docker run hello-world
  sudo apt install docker.io docker-compose-plugin
  
  git clone https://github.com/immich-app/immich.git
  cd immich
  ./install.sh
  ufw allow 2283 comment 'Immich'
  wg-quick down wg0 && wg-quick up wg0
  systemctl restart docker
  
•  Import images from Google.Photo TakeOut:
• wget https://github.com/simulot/immich-go/releases/download/v0.27.0/immich-go_Linux_x86_64.tar.gz
  tar -xzf immich-go_Linux_x86_64.tar.gz
  ./immich-go --version
  # you can add option --dry-run to simulate it
  ./immich-go upload from-google-photos --server=http://XXX:YYY --api-key=d17TMP5shRaQvWmtU3scI0iUWjTkY6xw3HtXCU0UII --session-tag=TRUE --overwrite --include-unmatched ~/Takeout
  
•  I brought 7zip archive with USB stick formatted to NTFS filesystem:
• sudo apt install ntfs-3g p7zip-full
  lsblk
  sudo blkid
  sudo  mkdir /media/usb
  sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /media/usb
  sudo umount /media/usb
• If Immich is installed behind the NAS, we need to connect the client and the server with Immich to the same WireGuard serves (VPS) as peers.
• Connect both to WireGuards as peers.
• Now when you have 2 configuration files, you need to modify peer information related to Immich server on the VPS server:
• ### Client Immich
  [Peer]
  PresharedKey = BRING ONE FROM IMMICH SERVER
  PublicKey = BRING ONE FROM IMMICH SERVER
  #IP of IMMICH server as it is known to WG
  AllowedIPs = 10.66.66.5/32,fd42:42:42::5/128
  #Keep connection alive
  PersistentKeepalive = 25
  #Address behind NAS in the local network and port for WG
  Endpoint = 192.168.0.250:50000
  
• And information related to the VPS server on Immich server:
• ### Client VPS
  [Peer]
  PublicKey = BRING ONE FROM VPS SERVER
  PresharedKey = BRING ONE FROM VPS SERVER
  #External IP for VPS and port for WireGuard
  Endpoint = XXX:50000
  AllowedIPs = 0.0.0.0/0,::/0
  #Keep connection alive
  PersistentKeepalive = 25 
• Cleaning and updating the environment. I am using this script as root (https://github.com/itrus/bash-scripts-NGS/blob/main/small.md#cleaning-the-linux-environment). But you need to comment parts (snap or Chrome) that you don't need otherwise it may fail. It allowed me to clean 0.3 Gb from the freshly installed and configured the system. :)